Turin is a major industrial city in north-western Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. The population of Turin city is 908,000 (2004 census), but with its metropolitan area totals about 1.7 million inhabitants. The province is one of the largest in Italy, with 6,830 square kilometres (2,637 sq. mi), and one of the most populous, with 2,236,941 inhabitants at the 2004 census. Turin is currently hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics.

History
The name of Turin comes from Tau, a Celtic word that means mountains. The Italian name, Torino, happens to mean "little bull" in Italian; hence the coat of arms and the symbol of the city. The area was settled by the Taurini in pre-Roman times. In the first century B.C. (probably 28 B.C.), the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum).

The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls. After the fall of the Roman empire the city was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks; it was then ruled by the Bishops. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of the gardens and palaces were built in the 15th century when the city was redesigned; the University was also founded during this period. Emanuele Filiberto (Iron Head) made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza San Carlo, via Po and the Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale) were built in this period. In 1706 the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. After the subsequent treaty of Utrecht, the Kingdom of Sardinia was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city. Now the capital of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time.

In the 19th century, after brief occupation by Napoleon, the city began to actively pursue the unification of Italy. The Fréjus Tunnel was opened and made Turin an important communication node. The city now had 250,000 inhabitants. The Museo Egizio, the Mole Antonelliana, the Gran Madre church and Vittorio Veneto square were built in this period. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. (Since 1870 the capital has been Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance, beginning a rapid industrialization: in 1899 FIAT was founded and Lancia in 1909. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle for Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the Exposition again in 1911.

By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants. After WWI the conflicts between worker and industrialists began, the first strikes took place and in 1920 the Lingotto factory was occupied. After WWII Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industries greatly developed, which caused waves of immigration mainly from the southern regions of Italy. The population reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at 1.5 millions in 1975. In the '80's the first industrial crisis hit the city and its population began to decline (and continues to, while the metropolitan area grows). The 2005 population is 908,000.